
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\makecell{Patents \\ (mean = 2.24, sd = 1.69)}} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\makecell{Breakthrough patents \\ (mean = 0.26, sd = 0.44)}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-3}  \cmidrule(lr){4-5}
                              & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-5}
   Surname diversity          & 0.217$^{***}$ & 0.221$^{***}$ & 0.042$^{*}$   & 0.044$^{*}$\\   
                              & (0.058)       & (0.060)       & (0.024)       & (0.025)\\   
   Surname diversity square   & -0.002        & 0.002         & -0.002        & 0.001\\   
                              & (0.020)       & (0.020)       & (0.006)       & (0.007)\\   
   Population                 &               & -0.017        &               & -0.012\\   
                              &               & (0.055)       &               & (0.016)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-5}
   Predicted surname diversity        & 0.082$^{***}$ & 0.083$^{***}$ & 0.021$^{**}$  & 0.020$^{**}$\\   
                                      & (0.026)       & (0.027)       & (0.009)       & (0.009)\\   
   Predicted surname diversity square & -0.005        & -0.005        & -0.004        & -0.003\\   
                                      & (0.009)       & (0.008)       & (0.003)       & (0.003)\\   
   Predicted population               &               & 0.005         &               & -0.006\\   
                                      &               & (0.039)       &               & (0.011)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-5}
   Surname diversity                          & 0.584$^{*}$   & 0.542$^{*}$   & 0.116         & 0.106\\   
                                              & (0.298)       & (0.291)       & (0.090)       & (0.084)\\   
   Surname diversity square      & 0.099         & 0.123         & 0.009         & 0.015\\   
                                              & (0.098)       & (0.131)       & (0.027)       & (0.034)\\   
   Population                                 &               & -0.127        &               & -0.029\\   
                                              &               & (0.086)       &               & (0.023)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat       & 15; 13        & 21; 20; 107   & 15; 13        & 21; 20; 107\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel D: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-5}
& \multicolumn{2}{c}{Surname diversity} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Surname diversity square}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-3}  \cmidrule(lr){4-5}
   Predicted surname diversity        & 0.222$^{***}$     & 0.242$^{***}$     & -0.479$^{***}$                             & -0.412$^{***}$                             \\
                                      & (0.038)           & (0.040)           & (0.077)                                    & (0.072)                                    \\
   Predicted surname diversity square & -0.052$^{***}$    & -0.056$^{***}$    & 0.259$^{***}$                              & 0.245$^{***}$                              \\
                                      & (0.012)           & (0.013)           & (0.055)                                    & (0.056)                                    \\
   Predicted population               &                   & 0.118$^{***}$     &                                            & 0.399$^{***}$                              \\
                                      &                   & (0.023)           &                                            & (0.084)                                    \\
    \\
& \multicolumn{2}{c}{Population}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-3}
   Predicted surname diversity        &  & -0.021        &  &  \\
                                      &  & (0.027)       &  &  \\
   Predicted surname diversity square &  & 0.036         &  &  \\
                                      &  & (0.024)       &  &  \\
   Predicted population               &  & 0.852$^{***}$ &  &  \\
                                      &  & (0.088)       &  &  \\
\\
   Inventor fixed effects     & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Period-State fixed effects & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations               & 209,944       & 209,944       & 209,944       & 209,944\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


